ISRO’s Cryogenic Breakthrough and the Path to a Human Spaceflight

In the 1990s, several countries refused to share cryogenic propulsion technology with India. Rather than accept the setback, ISRO turned the denial into motivation, developing three distinct cryogenic engines domestically. Dr. Narayanan emphasized that mastering this technology was a pivotal moment, enabling heavier payloads and paving the way for the ambitious Gaganyaan crewed mission, currently in its uncrewed test phase.