Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005) is celebrated as a pivotal figure in American political history. She was the first Black woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress, breaking barriers and paving the way for future generations of leaders. Chisholm’s journey from a modest upbringing in Brooklyn, New York, to the halls of Congress and her ambitious campaign for the presidency is inspiring. Her legacy continues to resonate, showcasing the importance of representation and advocacy for social justice.
Who Was Shirley Chisholm?
Shirley Chisholm is best known for becoming the first Black congresswoman in 1968, representing New York State in the U.S. House of Representatives for seven terms. She went on to run for the 1972 Democratic nomination for the presidency—becoming the first major-party African-American candidate to do so. Throughout her political career, Chisholm fought for education opportunities and social justice. She left Congress in 1983 to teach and passed away in Florida in 2005.
Early Years and Career
Chisholm was born Shirley Anita St. Hill on November 30, 1924, in a predominantly Black neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. She spent part of her childhood in Barbados with her grandmother. After graduating from Brooklyn College in 1946, she began her career as a teacher and later earned a master's degree in elementary education from Columbia University. This foundation in education significantly influenced her political priorities.
Chisholm served as the director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center from 1953 to 1959 and worked as an educational consultant for New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare from 1959 to 1964. Her experience in education and child welfare would later inform her legislative agenda.
Making History as the First African American Congresswoman
In 1968, Chisholm made history by becoming the United States' first African American congresswoman, beginning her first of seven terms in the House of Representatives. Her initial assignment to the House Forestry Committee was surprising, given her advocacy for education and labor issues. She demanded reassignment and was placed on the Veterans' Affairs Committee, ultimately moving to the Education and Labor Committee.
Chisholm was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969, where she championed minority education and employment opportunities throughout her tenure in Congress. Her impact was profound, as she worked tirelessly to address the needs of underrepresented communities.
Trailblazing Presidential Campaign in 1972
Chisholm made history again in 1972 when she became the first African American and the second woman to run for the U.S. presidency with a major party. In announcing her candidacy, she stated, “I am not the candidate of Black America, although I am Black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a woman and I am equally proud of that. I am the candidate of the people.” This declaration underscored her commitment to inclusivity in political representation.
Despite running a spirited campaign, she faced challenges in consolidating support from influential Black leaders, ultimately paving the way for South Dakota Senator George McGovern to claim the Democratic nomination. Nevertheless, her candidacy inspired many and highlighted the potential for diverse voices in politics.
Authorship and Later Career
Chisholm authored two books during her lifetime: Unbought and Unbossed (1970), which became her presidential campaign slogan, and The Good Fight (1973). These works reflect her journey and advocacy, as well as her vision for a more equitable society.
After leaving Congress in 1983, she taught at Mount Holyoke College and became a popular speaker on the lecture circuit, sharing her experiences and insights with audiences across the country. Her commitment to education continued to shape her work, as she inspired future generations of leaders.
Organizations and Personal Life
Chisholm was a co-founder of the Unity Democratic Club in Brooklyn and one of the early members of the National Organization for Women (NOW). She was active in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1993. Her involvement in these organizations underscored her dedication to civil rights and gender equality.
Chisholm was married to Conrad Chisholm from 1949 to 1977 and to Arthur Hardwick Jr. from 1977 until his death in 1986. Her personal life was marked by resilience and determination, reflecting her commitment to her family and community.
Chisholm's Death and Lasting Legacy
Shirley Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at the age of 80, in Ormond Beach, Florida. Nearly 11 years later, in November 2015, she was posthumously awarded the distinguished Presidential Medal of Freedom. This recognition highlights her significant contributions to American society and politics.
Robert E. Williams, president of the NAACP in Flagler County, Florida, described her as “our Moses that opened the Red Sea for us,” emphasizing her role in leading the way for others. William Howard, her longtime campaign treasurer, noted the deep connection she forged with her constituents, stating that “anyone that came in contact with her, they had a feeling of care.”
Key Takeaways
What You Will Learn
- Chisholm was the first Black woman elected to the U.S. Congress.
- Her education background influenced her advocacy for education reform.
- She made history with her presidential campaign in 1972.
- Chisholm's legacy continues to inspire future generations of leaders.
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