Robert E. Lee: A Complex Legacy Of Leadership And Controversy

The story of Robert E. Lee is one that intertwines heroism, leadership, and a controversial legacy that continues to spark debate today. Born in 1807, Lee rose to prominence during the U.S. Civil War as the commanding general of the Confederate Army. His military strategies and tactics earned him a reputation as one of the most skilled generals of his time. However, his legacy is also marked by the complex issues surrounding slavery and the war itself. This article will delve into the life of Robert E. Lee, exploring his early years, military career, personal life, and the lasting impact of his actions.

Who Was Robert E. Lee?

Robert E. Lee became a significant figure during the U.S. Civil War, commanding Confederate troops and earning a reputation for military prowess. His leadership led to several notable victories, even as the Union ultimately triumphed in the conflict. After the war, he served as the president of Washington College, which was later renamed Washington and Lee University in his honor after his death in 1870.

Quick Facts

• Full Name: Robert Edward Lee
• Born: January 19, 1807
• Died: October 12, 1870
• Birthplace: Stratford, Virginia
• Spouse: Mary Custis (1831-1870)
• Children: Seven children, including George Washington Custis and Robert Jr.
• Astrological Sign: Capricorn

Early Years

Robert E. Lee was born into a prominent Virginia family on January 19, 1807. His lineage included notable figures such as a president and signers of the Declaration of Independence. Lee's father, Colonel Henry Lee, was a celebrated cavalry leader during the Revolutionary War, earning praise from General George Washington himself.

At the age of 18, Lee enrolled in West Point Military Academy, where he excelled academically, graduating second in his class without a demerit. His time at West Point laid the foundation for his future military career, instilling in him a sense of duty and discipline that would define his leadership.

Wife and Children

After his graduation, Lee married Mary Custis, the great-granddaughter of Martha Washington, in 1831. The couple settled on Mary’s family plantation in Arlington, Virginia, which became their home for the next three decades. They had seven children together, with four daughters and three sons, who would later serve in the Confederate Army during the Civil War.

In 1857, following her father’s death, Mary inherited the Arlington plantation, but the outbreak of the Civil War led to Union troops occupying the estate. The federal government seized the land, which would later become Arlington National Cemetery, a significant historical site.

Early Military Career

Throughout his military career, Lee demonstrated unwavering commitment to his duties, often away from his family as he served across various locations in the United States. His big break came in 1846 when the U.S. went to war with Mexico. Lee served under General Winfield Scott, distinguishing himself as both a brave commander and a brilliant tactician.

Despite his military successes, Lee struggled with the challenges of managing life away from the battlefield. Following his father-in-law's death, he returned to the family plantation to restore it to profitability, but faced significant difficulties during this period.

Robert E. Lee and Slavery

Lee's relationship with slavery is a complex facet of his legacy. While he did not own slaves in his youth, he inherited enslaved individuals from his mother and mother-in-law. It is believed that during his lifetime, he owned between 10 to 15 enslaved people. His writings reveal a conflicted understanding of slavery, as he recognized its moral issues yet maintained beliefs in white superiority.

As executor of his father-in-law's estate, Lee was responsible for managing the Arlington plantation and overseeing the enslaved individuals. Despite his father-in-law's wishes to free the slaves, accounts suggest Lee was often seen as a harsh overseer, particularly towards those who tried to escape.

Confederate Leader

In 1859, Lee was tasked with suppressing an insurrection led by John Brown at Harper's Ferry, showcasing his capacity for leadership in a critical moment. However, his commitment to Virginia ultimately led him to decline an offer from President Abraham Lincoln to command Union forces, instead choosing to lead the Confederate Army after Virginia seceded from the Union.

Lee’s military prowess was evident in several battles, including the Seven Days Battles and the Second Battle of Bull Run. He earned respect for his strategic decisions but faced significant setbacks, notably at the Battle of Gettysburg, which marked a turning point in the war.

Final Years and Death

After the war concluded, Lee returned to his family and took on the role of president of Washington College, focusing on rebuilding his life and contributing to education. In September 1870, Lee suffered a stroke and passed away on October 12, surrounded by family. He was buried at Washington College, which was later renamed in his honor.

Disputed Legacy and Statue

Lee's legacy has been a source of contention, particularly in the context of the culture wars surrounding Confederate monuments. While some view him as a heroic figure of the South, others criticize his actions in support of the Confederacy and the institution of slavery.

Protests surrounding Lee's statues have sparked significant national conversations about race and history, highlighting the ongoing debate about how to remember figures like Lee in contemporary society.

Robert E. Lee in Movies

Lee's life and legacy have been portrayed in various books, documentaries, and films, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "The Killer Angels," which inspired the film "Gettysburg." His story continues to captivate audiences, leading to a range of interpretations about his role in American history.

As we reflect on Robert E. Lee's life, it becomes clear that his legacy is multifaceted, shaped by both his military achievements and the complex moral issues surrounding his actions during a tumultuous period in American history.