A Deep Dive Into The Life And Legacy Of Countee Cullen (1903-1946)

Who was Countee Cullen? A remarkable figure in American literature and an iconic voice of the Harlem Renaissance, Countee Cullen's contributions to poetry, literature, and education have left an indelible mark on the cultural landscape. His journey from a young boy facing personal loss to becoming a celebrated poet and playwright is both inspiring and enlightening. Let's explore his life, works, and the legacy he left behind.

Remarkable Beginnings

Born on May 30, 1903, Countee Porter Cullen's early life was marked by hardship. Some sources suggest he was born in Louisville, Kentucky, while others place his origins in Baltimore or New York City. After losing his parents and brother at a young age, Cullen was raised by his paternal grandmother until her death during his teenage years, which set the stage for his later resilience and creativity.

After the passing of his grandmother, Cullen was taken in by Carolyn Belle and Reverend Frederick A. Cullen, who was a conservative minister at the Salem Methodist Episcopal Church in Harlem. This nurturing environment provided him with the stability he needed to thrive academically and artistically.

Acknowledged Talent in Poetry

Countee Cullen's journey as a poet began in high school, where he quickly gained recognition for his exceptional talent. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School from 1918 to 1921, where he not only excelled academically but also served as the editor of the school newspaper and literary magazine. His passion for poetry led him to win a city-wide poetry competition, solidifying his reputation as a gifted writer.

Following high school, Cullen attended New York University, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1925. During this time, he published his acclaimed debut volume of poetry, Color, which showcased his mastery of language and deep understanding of the African American experience. His success did not go unnoticed; he won the prestigious Witter Bynner Poetry Prize the same year.

Influences and Marriage

Influenced by literary giants like John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley, Cullen's writing often adhered to traditional European structures while embedding themes of African American identity and heritage. His works, including Copper Sun and The Ballad of the Brown Girl, positioned him as a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement celebrating African American art and literature.

In 1928, Cullen married Yolande Du Bois, the daughter of prominent intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois. Their extravagant wedding was a significant event, drawing the attention of the African American elite. However, their marriage was short-lived, resulting in a divorce in 1930 after Cullen returned from a Guggenheim Fellowship in France.

Exploration of Different Forms

As the 1930s progressed, Cullen's focus shifted from poetry to other literary forms, including novels and plays. In 1934, he began teaching French at Frederick Douglass Junior High School, allowing him to influence a new generation of young writers. He also penned the satirical novel One Way to Heaven in 1932, showcasing his versatility as a writer.

In a groundbreaking move, Cullen became the first African American writer in the 20th century to translate and publish Euripides' classic play Medea in 1935. His contributions to children’s literature and theater further solidified his reputation as a multifaceted artist. His works, such as The Third Fourth of July, highlight his ability to engage with various genres and audiences.

The Final Years and Lasting Impact

Cullen's health declined in his later years, and he passed away on January 9, 1946, from complications related to high blood pressure. He was survived by his second wife, Ida Mae Roberson. Despite his untimely death, Cullen's contributions to literature were far from over. A posthumous collection of his poetry, On These I Stand: An Anthology of the Best Poems of Countee Cullen, was published in 1947, ensuring his legacy endured.

Today, numerous schools and libraries bear his name, including the Countee Cullen Library in Harlem, serving as a testament to his lasting influence on literature and education. In recent years, scholars have revisited Cullen's life and works, acknowledging his pivotal role in American literature. His story continues to inspire new generations of writers and poets.

Key Takeaways