Phillis Wheatley was a remarkable figure in American history. Born in West Africa around 1753, she was brought to America as a slave and defied the odds to become the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry. Her journey through hardship, education, and literary success is an inspiring tale that highlights her resilience and talent.
Who Was Phillis Wheatley?
Phillis Wheatley was brought to Boston, Massachusetts, on an enslaved person ship in 1761 and was purchased by John Wheatley as a personal servant to his wife. The Wheatleys educated Phillis, who quickly mastered Latin and Greek, eventually writing highly acclaimed poetry. She published her first poem in 1767 and her first volume, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, in 1773. After gaining her freedom, she faced financial struggles and was unable to find a publisher for her second volume of poems.
Early Years
Wheatley was born in Senegal/Gambia around 1753 and was kidnapped at the age of eight, brought to Boston on an enslaved person ship. John Wheatley bought her as a servant for his wife, Susanna, who recognized her intelligence and took her under her wing. This family encouraged her education, teaching her various subjects including theology, English, Latin, and Greek, which was unusual for African Americans at that time.
Historical Achievement as Published Poet
Wheatley wrote her first published poem at around age 13, which was printed in the Newport Mercury. In 1773, her first and only book of verse, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published with the help of Selina Hastings, the Countess of Huntingdon. This publication made her the first African American and first U.S. enslaved person to publish a book of poetry, marking a significant milestone in American literature.
Struggles in Later Life
After traveling to London to promote her work and to receive medical care, Wheatley's life changed dramatically upon her return to Boston. Although she was freed from slavery, she suffered the loss of several family members, including her former owners. In 1778, she married John Peters, and together they faced financial hardship, forcing her to work as a maid while living in difficult conditions.
Death
Wheatley passed away in her early 30s on December 5, 1784, in Boston, Massachusetts. Her contributions to American literature and her role as a trailblazer for African American women remain significant in history.
Key Takeaways
What You Will Learn
- Phillis Wheatley was the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry.
- She was educated by the Wheatley family, which was uncommon for enslaved individuals during her time.
- Her works provided a unique perspective on slavery and the fight for independence, contributing to American literature.
- Despite her literary success, she faced significant personal struggles, including financial hardship and loss.
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